Culture Identity Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture Identity - Research Proposal Example Ethnocentricity argues that the representation of an indigenous culture by outsiders must be done with a view to portray them as they would see themselves as. Thus, the concept applied to the Inuit is that the portrayal by outsiders should be analyzed from the frame of reference that of trying to understand their views about themselves. This does not mean that any outsider’s view of the Inuit is necessarily derogatory or biased. It just means that the views presented in the article must be balanced with the perspective of this concept. As such, the terms of reference for this paper reflect the concept very much and the attempt is to find out if the articles do so. Though the title of the article may sound patronizing and condescending, it nonetheless is a good representation of the way in which the article has been developed. My opinion on this is that the article should not be judged by the title alone and the contents of the same should be scanned for a deeper reading of the article. The article goes to great lengths to delve into the eating habits of the Inuit and makes a point that the way in which they have developed their eating habits is a function of the climatic conditions that they have been used to. Thus, the use of fatty foods is not because they do not want to stay healthy or fit, but the living conditions make them eat the fatty foods in order to survive in the extremely cold conditions. Of course, the living habits of the Eskimos are detailed to a great extent to indicate the fact that their lifestyle may not be healthy and hence they need the kind of foods that they take. The tone of the article is a bit patronizing, though. My feeling is that we are unable to shake off the tendency to look at ethnic groups in more favorable terms and thus we need to ensure that the same comes through in our representation of the groups. There are umpteen sentences in the article that

Large Corporations Essay Example for Free

Large Corporations Essay Large corporations such as Wal-Mart or Home Depot often come under criticism for putting mom-and-pop shops out of business. While this may be a valid criticism, the consumers neglect to realize that they play the biggest part in shutting these businesses down. Consumers across the country are always looking for the best deals or the lowest prices, and in most cases the larger corporations are where products can be found at the lowest price. Many small business owners and the populations of small towns dislike large corporations moving into the area because they believe it negatively effects the local economy. In reality, we should embrace large corporations moving into our communities because they boost the local economy, they lower prices on products we use every day, and they create hundreds of jobs. Some believe that large corporations harm the local economy. While this is true in some cases, studies have shown that placing a Wal-Mart in an area actually increased sales for businesses in or around the area. In a study conducted in 2002 by Jim Simmons, a retired University of Toronto geography professor, the professor states: â€Å"We tried to see if there was a substantial sales decline in the nearby areas, but it was difficult to find,† said Mr. Simmons. â€Å"We couldnt find any situation where people lost sales or went out of business.† (Shaw, H. 2002). This is just one of the many findings from the study. In an effort to further boost the local economies of the areas new Wal-marts are opened in, Wal-Mart has implemented a Locally Grown program that has been enacted since 2008. Pam Kohn, who is a senior vice president and general grocery merchandise manager, had this to say about the program. At Walmart we are committed to increasing our locally grown offerings and the number of local small farms we work with. Through this program we are able to cut shipping costs and decrease food miles, but most importantly we are offering our customers an opportunity to support their local farmers without worrying about the impact on their wallets. (Economics Week, 2008) This means that not only are they benefitting the stores around the area, but also the farmers in the area as well. This leads to a stronger local economy, and ultimately a thriving community. Stores like Wal-Mart are famous for keeping their prices so low. This is one reason why they are able to maintain a grip on the consumers of an area. They accomplish this by keeping the cost to produce and transport the goods low. In January, a study by the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corp. found that, â€Å"an individual family could save $589 a year on groceries by shopping at a supercenter. Overall, shoppers could save $3.76 billion in merchandise nationwide.† (Blazier, A, 2004) A major reason they can keep prices lower than mom-and-pop run businesses is their ability to buy merchandise in bulk. Buying in bulk works the same way it does for a consumer. The more of a product that is purchased, the less the cost is per unit. Consumers see this every day when they go to stores like Sam’s Club or Costco. When they buy their merchandise in bulk, they are able to offer it to the consumer at a lower price. (Kale, 2011) This is what could eventually drive the mom-and-pop owned businesses out of the area, and draw a negative criticism from the public. The interesting thing about this criticism is that the public complains about Wal-Mart driving these smaller businesses out, yet continue to shop at the Wal-Mart to save money. It would seem as though all that would be needed to be done would be to stop shopping at Wal-Mart and start shopping at the locally owned businesses. On the topic of jobs, there is a general increase in the availability of jobs after a large corporation moves in. Going back to the Wal-Mart example, a study was conducted to show how Wal-Mart affected job creation. In a study conducted by University of Missouri-Columbia professor Emek Basker, Wal-Mart creates a net value of 50 jobs more than it â€Å"destroys.† In her study, she presents these findings: â€Å"I find that immediately after entry, retail employment in the county increases by approximately 100 jobs; this figure declines by half over the next five years as some small and medium-sized retail establishments close. Wholesale employment declines by approximately 20 jobs over five years. Restaurant employment increases slightly; there is no change in employment in manufacturing or in automobile dealerships and service stations.† (Basker, 2005) In addition to the new jobs that are created, most Wal-Mart employees can enroll in health benefit programs, whether part time or full time workers. This means that smaller communities where health insurance options may have been limited will now have jobs where health insurance is a benefit. Also the low income families who can not afford pricey health insurance have the opportunity to receive benefits. Another benefit of having a Wal-Mart move into a community is the money it brings into the area. As with all businesses, large corporations have to pay taxes that go to local governments in the area they operate. In a bi-monthly publishing by the Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, Mitch Renkow writes, â€Å"Wal-Mart generates substantial sales tax and property tax revenues for the county in which it locates. This could potentially be of great benefit to the fiscal well-being of the local government in the town or county where the Wal-Mart is located.† (Renkow, 2005) This means that there is more money being generated for local spending, With all of the business that Wal-Mart can do, that is that much more money for the local area, much more than any mom-and-pop shops could provide. We should embrace bigger corporations moving into the area because it ultimately creates a stronger local economy. These corporations bring in products from around the world to communities that would have never gotten a chance to purchase them. They also keep the prices low so that low income families can afford them. Through job creation, slashing prices, and the attention to the area that comes with a big store such as Wal-Mart, it can be said that local economies benefit from these new stores opening in the area. WORKS CITED: Shaw, H. (2002). Wal-mart boosts local economies: Study: Finding shows retail behemoth benefits neighbouring stores. National Post. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/329926525?accountid=32521 Sailee, Kale (2011) How Does Walmart Keep Its Prices So Low? Retrieved from: http://www.business-online-news.com/how-does-walmart-keep-its-prices-so-low.html Blazier, A. (2004, Apr 15). Study concludes Wal-Mart creates more jobs than Retail chain chases away. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/464131659?accountid=32521 Matthews, C. (2012, 07). Ten Ways Wal-Mart Changed the World. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/07/02/ten-ways-walmart-changed-the-world/#ixzz2IYS1yFFm Renkow, M. (2005). N.C. State Economist. Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics. retrieved from: www.ag-econ.ncsu.edu/VIRTUAL_LIBRARY/ECONOMIST/novdec05.pdf Basker, Emek, (2005) Job Creation or Destruction? Labor-Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion. Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 87, No. 1, February 2005. retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=371102 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.371102

Marijuana Should Be Legalized for Medicinal Purposes Essay -- Argument

Marijuana Should Be Legalized for Medicinal Purposes How would most Americans react if the law allowed the use of heroin, LSD, or amphetamines for medical purposes? Many of us would react in disbelief mainly because of the effects of these powerful and addictive drugs. However, in Arizona the law permits the use of heroin, LSD, and amphetamines for medicinal purposes, yet the medicinal use of marijuana remains illegal in the United States ("Facts"). Because marijuana is categorized as a Schedule 1 drug under the federal Controlled Substance Act ("Issues"), physicians cannot legally prescribe it. The national debate on the effectiveness of marijuana as medicine is divided between those who advocate marijuana's medicinal value and those who dismiss the claim that marijuana poses any medicinal value. Although many regard the use of medicinal marijuana as a hoax, there is evidence to the contrary that helps to create a substantial argument as to marijuana's ability to provide effective relief from certain symptoms of disease. Patients of t erminal or critical illnesses should be allowed, under the care and supervision of a physician, the option of using marijuana for medicinal purposes. First and foremost, the medical value of marijuana is primarily a means of relief from the symptoms associated with diseases themselves and their treatments, not a cure. Therefore, its therapeutic values are not based on a particular disease, but rather the symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and anorexia caused by loss of appetite and chronic pain. The exact reason why marijuana relieves such symptoms is not known but most likely lies in its organic composition and ingredients. Marijuana is made up of over 400 organic chemicals, 60 of which are... ...arijuana: the struggle for legalization." CNN Interactive. 1 Dec. 2013. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9702/weed.wars/issues/background/index.html. * "What is the treatment cost of medical marijuana vs. the cost of Merinol?" 2 Dec. 2013. http://medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database. * "Clinical Pharmacology of Marijuana." Workshop on the Medical Utility of Marijuana. 1 Dec. 2013. http://www.nih.gov/news/medmarijuana/MedicalMarijuana.htm#clinical. * "Medical Value and Use: Do many physicians support medical marijuana?" Medical Marijuana procon. 1 Dec. 2013. http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5-B-Subs-1.db&co * "Medical Value and Use: What are the benefits and risks of Merinol vs. marijuana?" Medical Marijuana procon. 2 Dec. 2013. http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database

Ralph Lauren Fictional Marketing Plan

MARKETING PLAN For an exclusive Ralph Lauren Retail outlet in Goa Prepared by Anisha Shaikh Allan Rebello CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Ralph Lauren Corporation is a luxury clothing and goods company of the American fashion designer Ralph Lauren. Ralph Lauren specializes in high-end casual/semi-formal wear for men and women, as well as accessories, fragrances, home (bedding, towels) and housewares. It has its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City As of 2009, Ralph Lauren or their licensing partners operated 163 full-price and 163 outlet/factory stores around the world, including Club Monaco and Rugby stores.Ralph Lauren is one of the largest retailers in the United States with revenues reaching $4. 2 billion in 2007. Ralph Lauren will be located  located 1. 2 Objectives 1. To create a shopping environment that caters to the apparel needs of the Premium Class segment of Goa 2. To receive a 50% profit margin within the first year. 3. To have a customer  base of average 1,0 00 by the end of the first operating year. 1. 3 Mission Ralph Lauren’s  mission is to offer quality products 1. 3 Keys to SuccessIn order to succeed in the apparel industry Ralph Lauren must: †¢ Carry a collection of sizes to fit the  more frames of the target customer base. †¢ Provide customers with top class personalized customer service in an atmosphere of high class service †¢ Advertise and promote in areas that our target customer base will learn about our store †¢ Continuously review inventory and sales and adjust our inventory levels accordingly CHAPTER II DATA ANALYSIS 2. 1 Why should Ralph Lauren and international brand open up in Goa?Goa is the smallest state in India but it is the India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Co mmission on Population based on the 12 Indicators. Goa's gross state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices. Goa is one of India's richest states with the highest GDP per capita — two and a half times that of the country as a whole — and one of its fastest growth rates: 8. 3% (yearly average 1990–2000). Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12% of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. As per details from Census 2011, Goa has population of 14. 57 Lakh, an increase from figure of 13. 48 Lakh in 2001 census. Parliamentary Affairs Ashwini Kumar said that Goa topped the list with an annual per capita income (PCI) of Rs. 1,32,719 in the last fiscal. 2. 2 LOCATION AND OWNERSHIP 2. 2. 1 Company OwnershipRalph Lauren will form a agreement with Inter ads (Inter Ads is a leading and reputed organizer of international trade exhibitions and conferences in India, in partnership with global exhibition management companies, who are highly acclaimed for innovation and excellence in organizing exhibitions). Inter ads will help Ralph Lauren from scratch i. e. is from negotiating the location till the store is ready, and also the day to day operations of the store. Location: The location chosen for the store is Caranzalem in Panjim. 2. 2. 2 Why Panjim? †¢ Area (sq km) : 4000 Population (2001 census) : 1. 34 million †¢ Literacy rate (%) : 82. 3 †¢ Sex ratio (per 1000 males) : 960 †¢ Length of coastline: 130 km †¢ National Highway length : 224 km †¢ Domestic | International airport : Dabolim (25 km from Panaji, the capital) †¢ Major Ports: Mormugao, Panaji (minor port) †¢ With a population of 65,000 in the city and approximately 100,000 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goa's third largest city after Vasco da Gama and Margao. †¢ Goa topped the list with an annual per capita income (PCI) of Rs. 1,32,719 in the last fiscal.T he location that is chosen is close to the the main city, Goa Science Center, Miramar beach and Dona Paula both are famous tourist destinations. Miramar beach is the closest beach to Panjim. It lies 3 kilometers from the city. It’s one of the most scenic beaches of Goa and a very ideal place to set up a Luxury showroom like that of Ralph lauren, Unlike other Beaches in Goa where you will find mainly tourists, Miramar Beach has visitors that comprise locals as well as tourists. The beach hosts a lot of cultural events and games. This would act as an added advantage to the brand. The area with the most retail outlets i. . 18th June road Panaji hasn’t been taken into consideration because there are so many brands attempting to gain a foothold in the market and this would be a problem for Ralph Lauren as the other brands have a competitive advantage on the price aspect. (Dr Jack Sequeira road nr Goa science center) All business deliveries and shipments will be handled thro ugh the store. The company office will also be housed at this location. 2. 3 Products Ralph Lauren would bring only its Polo brand to India. Polo has huge brand recognition in India and its popularity cuts across generations of young, middle-aged and seniors.Only the apparels will be brought to India under which the Polos, sports shirts, dress shirts, pants, jeans, and a range of shoes will be sold in the outlet. As soon as the outlet has been established Ralph Lauren will also come up with products of a wide range mainly emphasizing on price flexibility. One of the main aims of the company is to increase our target market and to do this there is a need to come up with more products. After a certain point we could even diversify in producing Indian apparel for the Indian customer.Below are the products that Ralph Lauren will introduce in India and the price of the products. Polo’s Mesh Polo: Rs 4421 Big pony Polo: Rs 5000 Brights Polo: Rs 5200 Sports shirts: Solid Poplin: Rs 4629 Linen shirt’s: Rs 6500 Premier oxford: Rs 5097 Madras workshirt: Rs 7452 Formal Shirts: Twill Regent: Rs 7542 Fit Solid Regent: Rs 6502 Fit French Regent: Rs 6502 Pinpoint oxford: Rs 4421 Pants: Five pocket Chino: Rs 4000 Preston tissue Chino: Rs 4135 Jeans Stanton Wash: Rs 4420 Hudson Jean: Rs 5100 Antique Jean: Rs 3589 Lispenard wash jean: Rs 2548 NB: These prices are the actual showroom prices.In the future Ralph Lauren has plans to come up with products that have affordable prices which is suitable for mainly the upper middle class segment. The products again will be only from its Polo brand. 2. 4 Market Analysis The primary target customer of Ralph Lauren will be the Premium Class Segment located in the City of Panaji. As we are situated in the center of their residental area we believe they will make up the largest percentage of our customer base. The secondary target customers are the Upper Middle Class in the area. The last target customer of Ralph Lauren is list ed as other.As popularity about the store increases we expect to see a variety of curiosity seekers, and local residents  from the area as well as seasonal purchasers during season. 2. 4. 1 Market Needs There are several important needs in the western wear apparel business that are being either underserved or not met at all. Ralph Lauren plans to meet and service those needs. †¢ Focus and attention to customer's personal preferences and customer retention will be given high priority. Because of the high rate of employee turnover at major mass retailers, customer service and personal detail has been  lost. . 4. 2 Market trends Goa has dish out so many things and among them is fashion, for the hep and moneyed, Fashion shows have becoming quite common in Goa, and pleasantly enough shifting their focus from the city highspots to the outskirts and Goa's splendid beaches Anjuna, Baga and even Utorda. Nowadays fashion folk leave no adjective untouched. Neither do they leave anythi ng to imagination the cuts and lengths becoming more bold and beautiful than ever before exposing much more shape and curve than exposed ever before coupling the catwalk do with all sorts of in elements and in spots.An opportunity like this should not be missed out by Ralph Lauren. 2. 4. 3 Market Growth The old days have gone where everybody would think that Goans wear Bermuda shorts and Sunset Orange cotton shirts and get going, the Clothes scenario has changed to a great extent with many international players entering Goa there has been a lot of growth in the market, Goan’s are ready to shell out a big amount on branded luxury clothes because it gives them a feel of quality and comfort. Nowadays wearing branded clothes is become like a trend.Another factor that has led to an increase in the market growth is the increasing per capita income of people in Goa. Thus the spending power of the people has increased 2. 4. 4 Competitors As mentioned earlier Goa is not untapped in th is segment of the market there are many brands who have made their presence felt many of which are in Panaji itself. Mahatma Gandhi Road is one of the most popular shopping avenues in Panaji with several stores selling branded goods present here. There’s United Colours of Benetton (UCB), Wrangler, Woodlands , Levis Strauss , Wills Lifestyle store , Spykar, Allen Solly, etc to choose from.All these stores are incidentally packed within an area less than a 100 square meters. The 18th June Road runs parallel to MG road and also hosts some branded showrooms. Arrow has an exclusive store here, so does the world famous brand Lee. Navelkar Arcade located nearby has another popular brand T, which has a wide range of clothing for men and women. Popular apparel brand Weekender , also has an exclusive store near the Don Bosco School in Panaji. 2. 4. 5 Industry Analysis Retail outlets Most of the brands sell their products in a retail outlet which is situated in the city areas i. e.Panaj i Vasco and Margao. The stores are mostly placed in very convenient areas so that distribution is not a major problem. Malls There are malls in Goa e. g. : Caculo Mall and Big G Mall under which various brands are housed some of the brands are Black Berry, Lee, Lacoste, Van Heusen, Wrangler John Players etc. 2. 4. 6 Target Market Ralph Lauren is entering its first year of operation and will basically cater to those customers who prefer wearing luxury clothes of high quality and great value. In Mid 2013 we will try and reach out to more customers in India by having a tie up with any large retail chain.We will also have a tie up with top modeling agencies to promote the brand in the fashion industry The consumer preference in Goa has changed to a huge extent. Media and promotions have been the sole reasons for the brand awareness and consciousness among the consumers and the same shall be done by Ralph Lauren. This is the new trend that more and more people are buying clothes which ar e of a particular reputed brand. When they are out shopping in a shopping mall they are sure to visit one of the big brands to buy a pair of jeans or a shirt from the shop.Today the Goan customers are eager to shell out a fortune to buy branded cloths. The common concept is that the clothing brands provide high quality and great comfort. And hence more and more people are becoming brand loyalist even though they have to give out quite a huge sum of money while making purchases. Ralph lauren is planning to enter India mainly due to the great demand that has been noticed from the customers. Ralph Lauren's main target audience will be the people from the premium segment .Their disposable income should be Rs 50,000 and they should be literate in order to understand our ad campaigns. The target audience that we are looking for are the ones who are ready to shell out a huge amount of money to buy our products. And they should be brand conscious. Since Goa is a state with the highest per c apita income the target market doesn’t seem to be really difficult to find. The possibility of the desired target audience is high because there are many industries like; Mining, Shipbuilding, Pharmaceutical, Hospitality etc in Goa are flourishing.Many rich people are also becoming very fashion conscious and they actively are the spectators for the Goa Fashion week which is gaining a lot of popularity, and our promotional campaigns deals with showcasing our brand at the Goa fashion week, thus providing exposure to our target audience. We will expect to reach our target audience through our various Promotional Campaigns. Age: Ralph Lauren segments its customers according to their age. Its provides all type of brands for the youth (24-26 yrs) Middle age  (28-50) ages and old people (60 + yrs)Gender: Gender segmentation of Ralph Lauren in Goa right now is for male and females. They manufacture brands for both genders. Occupations: In the occupational segmentation they have seg mented their market in different ways. Professionals, business men & women and executives. Education: Well educated people. 2. 5 Competitive Edge & Sales Prospects Ralph Lauren has a number of advantages that will allow  us to build brand identity, add value to our merchandise and build a loyal customer base  while standing apart  from  our competitors. The ‘Ralph Lauren Card' will entitle customers to a 15% discount after ten purchases. †¢ Our location is central to our target customer base. †¢ We will maintain a detailed record on each customer, logging addresses, their purchases, size, and brand for customer follow-up and in-house promotional purposes. CHAPTER III MARKETING PLAN 3. 1 Marketing Strategy Our marketing strategy will focus heavily on sales promotion, niche positioning in the market and customer service with loyalty and retention in sales. †¢ Our promotions will always stay in tune with our company bjectives and mission statement. 3. 2 Sal es Strategy †¢ We will utilize the Retail ICE POS software with every sales transaction. With each purchase the software  will record and maintain in its database the customer's name, address and purchases. This information will be used with our direct mailing program to focus on our top 50% of customers. †¢ We will offer a 14 day return/exchange policy to build trust with our customers and maintain retention and loyalty. 3. 3 Promotion Strategy Ralph Lauren will follow an aggressive yet creative promotional plan.This will allow us to focus directly  on our target customer 3. 3. 1 Store design: The store will be exclusively set up as the actual Ralph Lauren outlet. The rich look it gives with the exclusive interiors. This is basically visual merchandising and will lead to attract our target market and generate awareness. Prior to starting the store Ralph Lauren can go for aggressive advertising of the store i. e. build up a big store similar to a mobile van but big in size this store will go around place like Panjim, Candolim, Mapusa, Porvorim, Calangute.The main aim of this mobile van is to go around place where you find premium class coming most of the time for e. g. near Caculo Mall. A van will be taken on lease for a period of 1 month and it will be decorated like Ralph Lauren store. This activity is being carried out in order to generate awareness and create hype about the big brand coming to Goa. 3. 3. 2 Print media Print media is classified as anything that is in print and is also used to inform the public it is a very effective means of conveying the advertisement across.The print media can further be divided into newspapers and magazines. †¢ Leading Newspaper ads will be given like The Navhind Times, Herald and the Times of India – a skybus ad will be given i. e. the ad which appears and the top portion of the newspaper †¢ Ads will also be given in magazines like Femine, The Women’s era and top leading Magazines i n Goa. The cost of putting one full page issue on a magazine averages from 9000/- to 12000/- (Price varies according to different magazines) Others modes of Print media advertising: 5,000 4Ãâ€"5 color flyers/postcards will be distributed throughout the city †¢ 2,500 full-color postcard flyers with a 10% coupon will be distributed in and around Candolim and Panjim area like Mapusa, Porvorim, Calangute outside locations like CCD’s, Caculo, Osia, Casino’s etc mainly places where posh people visit †¢ 5,000 business cards with a Ralph Lauren Frequent Shopper Card on the reverse side entitling the customer to a 15% discount on the eleventh purchase after ten purchases will be printed and distributed.The aim of this activity is to allow people to visit and encourage frequent purchasing 3. 3. 3 Creative advertisements: o They can have regular ads for various occasions like Diwali Christmas, National Days 3. 3. 4 Email marketing and SMS marketing †¢ A direct mai l program that will further focus on and target the top 50% customer base with special in-house sales and promotions †¢ 200  grand opening invites will be mailed to potential new customers two weeks before the grand opening.The invitation will also include a promotional 10% coupon off a customer's first purchase. The customer mailing list will be made from contacts made by the franchise. †¢ Mailers should be sent to customers updating them about the latest offers, discounts etc †¢ A press conference will be organized in order to attract all the media people. A press release kit will be given to all major media outlets  in Candolim and Panjim highlighting the grand opening of the new Ralph Lauren apparel retailer in the city, who will also be attending the Press conference.This kit will include a press release, pictures of the interior space, color postcard/flyer, and a business card. The press will also be asked to put up a article about the company which will inc lude storytelling ads of Ralph Lauren. The cost the press will include conference hall, snacks, cost of sending s to media houses, and the press kit. The average cost will be around 80,000 †¢ SMS Marketing will be done in order make people aware about the latest offers, discounts etc. the cost of advertising on mVayoo. com is 50,000 p. a. 3. 3. 5 Online marketingFacebook Advertising Facebook  is a  social networking service  and Web site launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. As of July 2011, Facebook has more than 800  million active users Facebook ad growth: Spending on clicks and impressions of Facebook ads have both grown dramatically between Q2 2010 and Q2 2011,  according to  [pdf] data from Ignition One. Results of the Q2 2011 US Online Advertising Report show that Facebook ad spend on all clients increased 281% year-over-year in Q2, while Facebook ad impressions of all clients grew 200%.Ignition One analysis indicates Faceb ook advertising has experienced high rates of growth due to new marketer adoption in the past year. As seen above the growth of Facebook has been increasing day by day and the number of customers is also increasing day by day. Advertising of Facebook will provide a wide platform for ancestral Goa to target million Facebook users all over the world. And mostly users are for all age group. How to make a Facebook ad: Creating an ad on Facebook is very simple. Open a Facebook account (new or existing account will do).Go to Advertising Option at the bottom of the page. Click on create an ad and follow the process. Cost: Same like Adwords Facebook ads work on CPC vs. CPM. What needs to be done is the company has to set a budget which they are ready to spend each day and which method i. e. CPM or CPC should be selected and then start the campaign also the countries which the company wishes the ad to appear can be selected. Apart from this ancestral can also use other forms of advertising l ike Sponsored Stories. 3. 3. 6 Televison advertising Advertising will be done on local news channels like HCN, Goa 365 etc, Flip advertising will cost around 500 a day, they appear on television around 4-5 times including the Voice ads †¢ Video will cost around 25,000 pm which appears around 7-8 times a day 3. 3. 7 Outdoor media Creative Billboards of Ralph Lauren can be put up like hoarding designed in the shape of clothes along with lighting which will also appear at night. This can be put up in Verna to Panjim Road. The cost of putting up a hoarding is 12,000pm approximately . 3. 8 Event sponsorships and tie – ups †¢ Ralph Lauren will have promotional campaigns and set up stalls at the world famous Sunburn festival 2013. Ralph Lauren being a reputed brand will get many appeals to sponsor but only the ones that give us a high mileage shall be taken one example would be India Fest 2013 where we see youth from various places in India making their presence felt. â₠¬ ¢ Some steps would be having tie up’s with event management companies that are very active in Goa like NBR Kaleidoscope and Funky Heads.The Goa Fashion week has seen an immense positive change with many world famous brands taking part and even famous designers and it would be an opportunity for Ralph Lauren to showcase its brand. To make its brand aware to the fashion conscious people Ralph Lauren will have fashion shows in events like Mr Goa and Miss Goa. 3. 4 Implementation plan The advertising will be done mainly during the season time i. e. during april may and june and in October November and December Print media – April, May and June |Magazines |Name of the Magazine |Cost per Month ( 27 cm * 21 cm) |Total Cost | |Femine |5330 |15990 | |Womens Era |6000 |18000 | |Provougue |5000 |15000 | |Vogue India |6100 |18300 | |Elle |6100 |18300 | |Total | |85,590 | Printing Flyers – 1St month |Flyers |0. 75 |5675 | Cost of the Advertisements: whole year with addi tion to August (70500) | |Name of the Newspaper |Cost of Colour sq/ cm |Total Cost (Size 10Ãâ€"10) + |Per month |p. a | | | |colour | | | |Times of India |Rs. 125 sq/cm |Rs. 12,500 |37500 |450000 | |Navhind times |Rs. 110 sq/cm |Rs. 11,000 |33000 |396000 | |Total | | | |8,46,000 | SMS Marketing – whole year |SMS Marketing |mVayoo | |50,000 | Outdoor Media – whole year |Outdoor Media | | |Size |Printing Cost + rent |No |Total cost (pm) |p. a. | |   |  2,000 + 12,000 |  2 |  28,000 |33,6,000 | Business Cards – 2500 Facebook Ads can have have a budget of average 5000 per day using the CPM method †¢ A budget of 4,00,000 will be allocated to event sponsorship and tie ups Total Cost Event tie ups |4,00,000 | |Facebook advertising |60000 | |Business cards |2500 | |Magazines |85590 | |Flyers |5675 | |Newspapers |846000 | |SMS |50000 | Outdoor |336000 | |Total |17,85,765 | | | | | | | |Start-up Funding | |Land and building |50000000 | |Interior s and decorations |10000000 | |Promotions |1785765 | | |114000 | |Cash on start up |13384 | |Miscelleaneous |4400 | |Telelphone and utilities |1,575 | |Insurance |600 | |Store |11,010 | |inventory |195,881 | |computer |10,000 | | |legal expenses |7000 | |Signage (Including Permits) |1500 | | | |62145114. 5 | | 3. 5 Sales ForecastThe sales forecast has been estimated on the basis of 5% growth rate in the garment industry in Goa. | | | | |Polo |Cost Price |Selling price | |Mesh Polo |3315. 75 |4421 | |Big pony Polo |3750 |5,000 | |Brights Polo |3900 |5200 | |Sports shirts |   |   | |Solid Poplin |3471. 5 |4629 | |Linen shirt’s |4875 |6500 | |Premier oxford |3822. 75 |5097 | |Madras workshirt |5589 |7452 | |Formal Shirts |   |   | |Twill Regent: |5656. 5 |7542 | |Fit Solid Regent: Rs |4876. 5 |6502 | |Fit French Regent: Rs |4876. 5 |6502 | |Pinpoint oxford: Rs |3315. 5 |4421 | |Pants: |   |   | |Five pocket Chino: Rs |3000 |4000 | |Preston tissue Chino: |3101. 25 |4135 | |Jeans |   |   | |Stanton Wash: Rs |3315 |4420 | |Hudson Jean0 |3825 |5100 | |Antique Jean |2691. 75 |3589 | |Lispenard wash jean |1911 |2548 | Sales Forecast | | | | |Particulars |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Polo |1949200 |2,241,580 |2,689,896 | |Sports shirts |1686915 |1,939,952 |2,327,943 | |Formal Shirts |3494960 |4,019,204 |4,823,045 | |Pants: |813400 |935,410 |1,122,492 | |Jeans |2348400 |2,700,660 |3,240,792 |

MBA Admissions Essays

Essay # 1List one of your most significant professional or organizational accomplishments. Describe your precise role in this event and how it has helped to shape your management skills.I started out initially as a technical support representative for a Stage Software Inc. in 2003 for a period of six months while presently I am associated with McKing Consulting Corporation. However for a period of two years I was associated with SunTrust Bank, where I started out as a Staff Accountant level one and in a year’s time was promoted to the next level this was based on outstanding job performance and proposal.In addition during the initially stage I was one of the team members who was responsible for relocation and change of the accounting system of an acquired bank into SunTrust’s accounting system. (Listed as Significant Achievement in the Resume)In the beginning of my last year with the bank, SunTrust finance organization experienced some specific changes in various depart ments. This was done to realign its objectives to achieve strategic vision of the Bank. Consequently, my department’s operations were altered the Controllers to Finance operations. Prior to the changes the monthly financial closing constituted s cross-functional departments, — my department was also a part of this financial closing. Following were some of the problems which existed in the past:For each financial closing a significant challenge was that most of the time some of the more important processes which were crucial for month end close were missed or delayed.Communication between team members was either limited or non-existentThere was no system in place for a smooth flow of process.Understanding the need to restructure the month end process, I rose to the challenge by taking the idea of synchronizing the month end close. As I was not very familiar with the different processes, my inexperience was one of the major impediments. I succeeded in coming up with a ta sk plan to achieve the goals.Initially I set up a meeting with the related teams and managers who were involved to get familiar with the different month end actions that needed to be processed. From the information received at the meeting I was able to draft a month end schedule, which detailed a list of responsibilities and prioritized the orders. This was presented for productive criticisms and reaction. It was accepted by the teams and the managers and after its implementation there was a remarkable improvement in the month end process.This experience taught me the importance of working as a team and the importance of communication and coordination—a skill which is essential for business leaders and managers.   In addition the significance of organization and time management through prioritization to achieve objectives became very clear. This was my first experience as a leader as I initiated the change to create a more efficient set-up.The opportunity gave me an insight into the organizational processes. Although at a very basic level however this initiative showed me as a leader and strengthen my professional growth however it was not enough as there is a need to further strengthen and polish the skills I have and MBA degree would he helpful in these respects. I am confident that my MBA experience will provide me with ample opportunities to demonstrate my leadership skills and also learn from future leaders.Essay # 2Of Goizueta`s core values (courage, integrity, accountability, rigor, diversity, team, community), which value resonates most with you and why? 1 pageCourage is the something which I believe is a very important part of my personality and life.   Almost 8 years back when I left Nigeria leaving behind family and friends I was not sure what it would be like in the United States and the people and the environment was completely alien for me. However it was my determination and my courage which made me carry on in spite of all the advers ities. I was determined to be successful in my life and through perseverance and concerted effort I was able to assimilate in the new society.Initially it was very depressing as I was all alone and had no one to turn to and I realized that if I kept on pondering about it I would have to return. For this I formed a plan to succeed and I went started implementing it. I found a group of immigrants from Nigeria –this group provided a sense of support to carry on and eventually I was able to familiarize myself with the surroundings.Another thing I realized was to be financially independent. In Nigeria it was the parent’s responsibility to put children through school however here I had to get and education and support myself at the same time. With careful research, I realized that I would be able to secure financial aid and apply for scholarship to pay for school.The immigration experience has in reality strengthened my character different ways and this strength would be hel pful both for my career and my personal life. Though it may sound clichà ©d, but courage in the face of adversity inadvertently leads to success. Through this experience I also learned to value and be sensitive to other cultures and to enrich others with mine. I also discovered myself, a thing that would not have happened if I had not been exposed to this kind of experience. I was brave and I had a vision of my future, my resilience and optimism have paved the way for success.Essay # 3Of Goizueta`s core values (courage, integrity, accountability, rigor, diversity, team, community), which value resonates most with you and why? 1 pageCourage is the something which I believe is a very important part of my personality and life.   Almost 8 years back when I left Nigeria leaving behind family and friends I was not sure what it would be like in the United States and the people and the environment was completely alien for me. However it was my determination and my courage which made me c arry on in spite of all the adversities. I was determined to be successful in my life and through perseverance and concerted effort I was able to assimilate in the new society.Initially it was very depressing as I was all alone and had no one to turn to and I realized that if I kept on pondering about it I would have to return. For this I formed a plan to succeed and I went started implementing it. I found a group of immigrants from Nigeria –this group provided a sense of support to carry on and eventually I was able to familiarize myself with the surroundings.Another thing I realized was to be financially independent. In Nigeria it was the parent’s responsibility to put children through school however here I had to get and education and support myself at the same time. With careful research, I realized that I would be able to secure financial aid and apply for scholarship to pay for school.The immigration experience has in reality strengthened my character different w ays and this strength would be helpful both for my career and my personal life. Though it may sound clichà ©d, but courage in the face of adversity inadvertently leads to success. Through this experience I also learned to value and be sensitive to other cultures and to enrich others with mine. I also discovered myself, a thing that would not have happened if I had not been exposed to this kind of experience. I was brave and I had a vision of my future, my resilience and optimism have paved the way for success.Essay # 4What do you expect to accomplish in the Goizueta Business School MBA program? How will your participation in the MBA program fit in with your experiences and responsibilities as well as your short and long-term career goals?My life and the experiences since 1998 have been anything but normal. Emigrating from Nigeria was the first important landmark in my life. However, when I graduated from Georgia State University with a major in Accounting and Computer Information S ystems I realized that in fact my BBA Cum Laude was the first goal in procession goals I had lined up. After my graduation my past four years experience in different organizations mentioned in the resume have helped me gain the knowledge and experience I feel was necessary to start my MBA degree which I regard as the final step before seriously starting a career.Even as my professional experiences have facilitated me to develop strong skills in Accounting with the application of technology, I believe that at this point my career objective is to evolve into corporate finance by channeling my experience and developing further my knowledge of finance. I am convinced that an MBA with concentration in finance coupled with my professional familiarity will be an important asset creating a path to achieve my career goals.My short-term goal is to obtain a job related to Corporate Finance in a Fortune 500 company or to enter corporate finance practice of a consulting firm. This goal has been formed because of my experience working as a second level accountant in the Controllers’ division of SunTrust bank. My experience at SunTrust has given me the experience needed to understand the dynamics of finance and operational activities through the various accounting assignments I participated in.My long term objectives are strategic objectives based on the short term ones, because my ultimate goal — after gaining extensive knowledge and experience—is to form a financial advisory services firm that will cater to the needs of small to mid-size companies by helping organizations with raising capital, and ground-breaking financial planning solutions that will improve financial performance and value of business.An MBA from Emory University is necessary because will provide the additional knowledge base that are vital to fulfill the different short term and long term career goals.What particularly interests me is Gozuieta’s commitment to leadership develo pment through the plus programs and extracurricular activities which would give ample opportunity for me to further improve and enhance my leadership skills.   Also, Goizueta’s flexible program will not only help polish my skills in other fundamental functional business areas but will also allow me to modify my selection of courses according to detailed career interests.Most importantly, my visit to Emory University was both informative and inspirational I was able to obtain more information about the structure of the program. In addition, it gave me the chance to interact with alumni, current MBA students and a faculty member. I it was very beneficial listening to their first hand experiences and also learn about the close-knit community at Goizueta. This I believe is very significant as it allows the fostering of meaningful relationships. Overall, I was really impressed with the talent and diversity of the students this has certainly strengthened my resolve to be a part o f Goizueta business school. If given an opportunity I assure you that I would contribute through my hard work and experiences to the classroom and more importantly gain knowledge and an understanding of the corporate world.

Rise of Superpowers After WWII Essays - Nuclear Technology

Rise of Superpowers After WWII Essays - Nuclear Technology The development and use of nuclear power has led to the United States assuming a position as the true World Military Superpower. The Unites States was the leader in planning, building, testing and actually using the most powerful nuclear weapon known to man. This country also led the world in relatively safe production of nuclear power. The only other competitor to the United States, the Soviet Union, had poor leaders, induced a poor economy, and eventually led the country to lose the race for superpower. During World War II, the United States began the research and development of the atomic bomb. Code-named the Manhattan Project, it took place in a government built city in New Mexico called Los Alamos. General Leslie Groves and physicist Robert Oppenheimer led the research to create this atomic bomb. The mission was to build, test and, if necessary, unleash an atomic bomb. With the many people working on creating and building this bomb, they completed it within the short amount of time given. In July of 1945, they tested the nuclear bomb in New Mexico. It was a success. The very next month, an atomic bomb nicknamed ?Little Boy? was dropped on Hiroshima. Only a few days later, the atomic bomb ?Fat Man? was dropped on Nagasaki. It was around this time that the United States found out that nobody, not even Germany or the Soviet Union, was anywhere close to competing with the U.S. in atomic weaponry. The atomic bomb was dropped not only to end the war with the Japanese, but to show the w orld, especially the Soviet Union, how powerful the United States was in its government, its military, its technology, and its people. The fact that it was a new bomb and being the first type of its kind ever created also caused an eagerness to use the bomb and see how it would work. These three factors are the reasons behind the United States dropping the atomic bomb on Japan, as they unknowingly and unintentionally began the nuclear age and the Cold War. The Cold War began as World War II was ending. The United States and the Soviet Union came out of the previous war nearly equal in strength, with the United States having the upper hand, being the first to create and use such intense nuclear power. It was during this time that these countries were competing to become the World Superpower. Nuclear power, for the purposes of electricity as well as weaponry, was going to be the determining factor as to who would be the greater Superpower. The United States leadership was strong and organized. The economy was good and growing stronger. The Soviet Union was not doing as well. Formerly being under the rule of Stalin, with strict centralization where it was only the highest party levels that made any and all decisions who ruled by decree and enforced with terror, the Soviet people and economy was stagnating. Strict centralization continued and eventually led to economic decline, inefficiency, and apathy during the 1970s and 1980s, and contr ibuted to the Chernobyl? nuclear disaster. The great disaster at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 was the final string cut that led not only to the Soviet Union losing its war to become the greatest World Superpower, but furthermore, the collapse of the Soviet system. The Chernobyl Nuclear Powerplant was being run by people who made mistakes maintaining the power supply, who were tired of their own country, and who simply didn?t care. This careless conduct led to poor maintenance and low output of nuclear power. To correct for this, some steps were taken to increase the power output. During the effort to correct the low power output, one final error occurred, and the consequences were tremendous. One of the reactors exploded and released huge doses of radiation. The ambitious nuclear power program of the Soviet Union was now over. The Unites States led the world in nuclear technology by producing the atomic bomb, and had the courage to use it ? twice. This proved to the world that the United States was a Superpower they should fear. The United States also had good leaders whom kept the economy strong, and kept the

buy custom Clasical Mythology essay

buy custom Clasical Mythology essay Hera Zygia - protector of family and marriage (Burkert 184). Consort and queen(Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, 125). Athena - Hippia - tamer of horses (Paus. V. 15. 4). Goddess of wisdom, skill and war (Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, 125). Artemis Orsilochia (Lochia) protector of women given a birth (Orph. Hymn. 35. 3). Goddess of the hunt and the moon and protector of expectant women and the young (Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, 125). Hephaestus Amphigyeeis lame on both feet (Homer, Iliad. I. 599). God of metallurgy and the smith of the Olympian gods (Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, 128). Aphrodite Philommeides a laughter-loving woman. Goddess of love, beauty and eternal youth (Hesiod, the Homeric Hmns and Homerica, 125). Ares Obrimus the mighty worrior. God of war and figure of violence (Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, 124). Iris Aellopus a storm-footed girl. Goddess of the rainbow, messenger to the gods (Ancient Greek beliefs, 96). Poseidon Hippios riding a horse (Paus. I. 30. 4). God of the seas, horses and the earthquakes (Encyclopaedia of the ancient Greek world, (Ancient Greek Beliefs, 275). Zeus Ombrios giver of rain (Paus. I. 32. 3). Father of the Olympian gods and ruler of mankind (Culture and values: A survey of Humanities, (Ancient Greek Beliefs, 33) Define and give an example for the following words. Archetype refers to the original model which acts as aa base to develop all other things of the same kind. For example, a hero, like Prometeus. Humanism is a practice that mainly deals with human values and emphasizes mainly on human being and not divine matters. Secular humanism is a good example, it is against religious knowledge as a basis of uprightness and decision making. Anthropomorphic is an ascribing of the human form, features, or attributes to something or someone, especially a deity, or an animal. All god and goddeses of te Ancient Greek possed human features. Etiology is a general study of causes or origins of certains things or notions, which are usualy explained through mythologic terms; for example, the name Delphi and the deity associated with it. Chthonian is a classical myth or legend of something related to the underworld; for example, legend on Hades the rape of Persephone. Buy custom Clasical Mythology essay

ACT Score for the Ivy League Whats the Lowest Score I Can Get in With

What's a Good SAT/ACT Score for the Ivy League What's the Lowest Score I Can Get in With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you aiming to attend an Ivy League school? What ACT/SAT scores do Ivy League universities- Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, Penn, and Yale- expect? Here, we look at what test scores these eight highly selective schools consider good, as well as what scores are considered borderline. Disclaimer: SAT/ACT Scores Aren't Everything When you apply to an Ivy League school, they'll be looking at many other admission factors beyond just your SAT or ACT score. In fact, if you were to ask any of these schools' directors of admissions whether a perfect score would guarantee you admission, the answer would be a big, fat NO. You need more than a perfect SAT or ACT score to get into an Ivy League school. Ivy League schools look for strong test scores as well as strong recommendations, extracurriculars, and GPAs, which I'll call "Other Factors." If you have a great SAT/ACT score, then you can get away with merely excellent Other Factors. If you're at the bottom of the range, though, you'll definitely need a superstar rating in Other Factors. Keep this in mind as you read this article. Exclusive Free Bonus: Click here to download a free step-by-step guide on finding your personal SAT/ACT score target. Once you go through these steps, you'll know exactly what score you need to aim for. What's a Good SAT/ACT Score for the Ivy League? An SAT score of 1580 (out of 1600) or ACT score of 35 (out of 36) will place you right in the top 25% for most Ivy League schools, whereas an SAT score of 1450 or ACT score of 31 would put you at the boundary of the bottom 25%. Thus, you can interpret your score as follows: 1580 SAT/35 ACT or higher: You don't need to improve your SAT/ACT scores. Work on making sure that you don't have any weaknesses in the rest of your college application. 1450 SAT/31 ACT or lower: Your SAT/ACT score is going to be very limiting. You need to improve your score, and at the same time make sure you have at least one additional super strong component in your college application. Check out our guide on what to do with a low ACT/SAT score for tips. Now, let's look at the 25th and 75th percentile SAT/ACT scores for all Ivy League schools: School Name 75% SAT 25% SAT 75% ACT 25% ACT Harvard 1590 1460 35 32 Yale 1590 1420 35 32 Columbia 1580 1450 35 32 Princeton 1570 1430 35 31 Brown 1570 1410 34 31 Dartmouth 1560 1430 34 30 Penn 1560 1420 35 32 Cornell 1550 1390 34 31 If you're scoring lower than the 25th percentile on either the SAT or ACT, you'll have a really tough time getting accepted to an Ivy League school. Unfortunately, you just won't measure up to all the other highly qualified applicants who have extremely impressive SAT/ACT scores. Clearly, these are very high standards. In fact, all 75th percentile scores for Ivy League schools are in the 99th percentile nationwide. To be at the top of the Ivy League application pool, you will need to be one of the top 1% of test takers in the country! What's a Good SAT/ACT Score for YOU? While these SAT/ACT scores for the Ivy League can be used as standard guidelines, everyone has a different target score. This means that you'll need to know the SAT/ACT score target that's right for you. But how do you figure this out? Your target SAT/ACT score will be based on the colleges you're applying to. You'll need to find the average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students for all the schools you're interested in attending, specifically their 75th percentile scores. Aiming for the 75th percentile will give you the best chance of getting into all the schools on your list. You can find SAT/ACT scores and percentile information for a school by visiting its admission page or by Googling "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT/ACT" For example, if you wanted to know what the average SAT scores for NYU were, you'd Google "NYU PrepScholar SAT." Once you've found these scores for all the schools you're thinking of applying to, find the highest 75th percentile score on your list; that's the goal score you'll be aiming for. For a more in-depth explanation and access to blank charts you can use to keep track of schools' SAT/ACT scores, click the link below and enter your email address- you'll get a free step-by-step guide on how to calculate your personal SAT/ACT goal score. What's Next? Want expert tips on how to get into the Ivy League? Read our famous guide on how to get into Harvard and the Ivy League, written by a Harvard alum. Curious how Ivy League schools compare with one another? Take a look at our in-depth analysis of the Ivy League rankings, and learn what these numbers mean for you. What's a good SAT/ACT score for non-Ivy League schools? Our comprehensive guides explain what good ACT scores and good SAT scores are, depending on the schools you're applying to. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Deutsche Bank Spying affaire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deutsche Bank Spying affaire - Research Paper Example c, the affair struck at the heart of a country still struggling with its past identity where spying on citizens in the Communist East was a matter of course. How the bank will weather these latest charges is one question. What impact the investigations will have on stakeholders is another that affects not only the future of Deutsche Bank but also its reputation and credibility as a major player on the world financial stage. The four cases of surveillance concern a nuisance shareholder, an investigative journalist, a supervisory board member suspected of leaking information, four senior bank managers and a private person who sent threatening letters to Deutsche Bank board members. Among the targets of the surveillance were Gerald Herrmann, a former union leader and supervisory board member who was suspected of leaking sensitive company information to the media.  Michael Bohndorf, an activist shareholder who has been critical of the bank; and Hermann-Josef Lamberti, Deutsche Banks chief operating officer. The Bank launched its own investigation in the spring of 2009 and by mid-summer the affair had been turned over to BaFin, the German financial regulator. The investigative results were passed to the German data protection authority who has in turn submitted them to the German public prosecutors office. Tactics employed by the bank included media reports that detectives hired by Deutsche Bank were instructed to test Lambertis security consciousness by trying to plant a GPS tracking device in his car and sending a bouquet of flowers containing an inactive microphone to his home. Bohndorf, the activist shareholder, said that private investigators posed as vacationers and spied on his home on the Spanish island of Ibiza after he asked a number of provocative questions at a Deutsche Bank shareholders meeting in 2006. His contention was that detectives tried to determine if he had a weakness for women by setting up a "honey trap" operation that involved a chance

Literacy narative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literacy narative - Essay Example WhÐ µn I was a littlÐ µ girl, my parÐ µnts would always rÐ µad to mÐ µ, and I lovÐ µd books. I was vÐ µry involvÐ µd in thÐ µ storiÐ µs, and I would rÐ µad along with my mothÐ µr and fathÐ µr, and also link all of thÐ µ picturÐ µs with thÐ µ tÐ µxt. It was a comforting fÐ µÃ µling. As I got oldÐ µr and thÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µcamÐ µ morÐ µ rulÐ µs, I slowly driftÐ µd from rÐ µading and writing, and bÐ µcamÐ µ morÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µstÐ µd in subjÐ µcts such as sciÐ µncÐ µ, math, and history. So, I fÐ µÃ µl likÐ µ I havÐ µ littlÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ in writing, bÐ µcausÐ µ I havÐ µ lost intÐ µrÐ µst in it. All through high school, I had a prÐ µtty good idÐ µa of what I wantÐ µd to do in my futurÐ µ; which consists of many math and sciÐ µncÐ µ coursÐ µs. I want to gÐ µt a nursing dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ, and thÐ µn gÐ µt into thÐ µ Physician’s Assistant Program. So, along my acadÐ µmic path, that is what I havÐ µ focusÐ µd on and Ð µxcà  µllÐ µd at, rathÐ µr than writing. BÐ µing a frÐ µshmÐ µn studÐ µnt at thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity of Utah, I havÐ µ rÐ µalizÐ µd that writing is going to bÐ µ an immÐ µnsÐ µ part of collÐ µgÐ µ, and that communicating through writing will hÐ µlp mÐ µ to accomplish my goals. Writing skills will bÐ µ rÐ µquirÐ µd in probably two-thirds of thÐ µ classÐ µs I Ð µnroll in. To bÐ µ honÐ µst, I don't dÐ µspisÐ µ writing, and I think that I could lÐ µarn to lovÐ µ it, if I could bÐ µcomÐ µ a good writÐ µr.

The Execution of John Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Execution of John Brown - Essay Example The Execution of John Brown On the other hand, the statement of David Hunter Strother on the account of Brown’s execution described in full detail the final moments of John Brown before he was executed. The intended audience are the same – both Southerners and Northerners. The two documents have many parallelisms regarding John Brown’s character and beliefs, but they have a few noteworthy differences. The â€Å"Last Statement† and Strother’s Statement actually had parallelisms. Brown’s â€Å"Last Statement† is the final statement of Brown spoken after he was sentenced to death by the South. Whether it was Brown himself who wrote the speech or someone who simply noted down what he spoke, the speech seems to say one thing: the South has been wrong in its stance for slavery and the North, including Brown himself, is vindicated in their cause. The speech was wholly a denial of the charges and a testament that explained the basis of the abolition. One of the main poin ts that Brown emphasized in his speech is a denial of the accusations previously hurled against him, and he did this with pride. He said, â€Å"I deny everything but what I have all along admitted of a design on my part to free slaves† (Author 148). For Brown, therefore, storming the armory at Harper’s Ferry was not at all a sign of rebellion but rather merely an act to free the slaves. Thus, for him, â€Å"It is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty† (149), and â€Å"I feel no consciousness of guilt†. ... It is actually Brown’s pride that is being shown here, although Strother’s account somehow suggests that Brown died with so much display of haughtiness – as using the words â€Å"grim and grisly smirk,† â€Å"bravado,† and â€Å"alacrity† (300). Strother must have been a sympathizer of the South for him to write the execution account like this, especially as he described Brown as â€Å"notorious† (299). However, towards the second half of Strother’s report, somehow he changes his sentiments to that in favor of Brown. He describes him as rather waiting for his death â€Å"quietly and civilly† and â€Å"without impatience† for such choice of words – â€Å"quietly† and â€Å"civilly† – somehow shows that indeed, for Strother, Brown died with dignity and honor (301). In fact, when someone seated beside Strother told him that Brown was already starting to break down –â€Å"He trembles , his knees are shaking† – Strother rather dismissed it as false (301). For Strother, it is the scaffold that shakes and not Brown’s knees, thus making the other person feel that he was wrong and that Brown here was not the cowardly guilty criminal that the man thought he was but rather a man who is ready to face death and brave enough in accepting his fate (301). What happened then to the original sentiments of Strother at the first half of the article? Perhaps, the hatred in Strother was replaced by admiration for the unflinching manner by which Brown faced his execution. The â€Å"Last Statement† actually contained more information about Brown than Strother’s account of the former’s execution. While Strother only described a man of dignity and honor standing at the scaffold, Brown’s â€Å"Last

The Benefits of Understanding Financial Ratios Essay

The Benefits of Understanding Financial Ratios - Essay Example Within the questions that were considered were the specific ratios CFAs use to measure liquidity, long-term debt paying ability, and probability; and what are the relative importance of specific financial ratios. While there were sixty-ratios considered, a number of prominent points emerged. In these regards, it’s noted that a single ratio oftentimes functions to measure more than one aspect of financial health. One example is that a ratio of days’ sales measures both liquidity and profitability. In terms of the most important financial ratio, analysts placed the most emphasis on return on equity after tax. b) Specification of thesis – main point The main point thesis of the article is that financial analysis places great emphasis on the corporate annual report and the financial ratios that examine it. A further thesis is that financial ratios have a varying degree of importance in terms of a variety of financial categories, specifically liquidity, long-term debt paying ability, and profitability. c) Supporting opinions/reasons There is a great body of research that supports the notion that financial ratios are an integral part of determining a firm’s financial performance. ... al to measuring a business’ financial performance and future viability; in addition they add the DuPont Ratio as a significant financial ratio for analysis. Financial ratios have also been extended to examine the financial strength of a firm when enlisting an underwriter before an IPO; this perspective was noted by Quantitative Applications in Economics & Finance (2008). Another prominent perspective was advanced by Kaufman (1995). Kaufman (1995) considered that bank failures are oftentimes linked and anticipated by the key financial ratio of low capital-to-assets. d) Opposing opinions/reasons While there are a number of strong elements supporting these understandings of financial rations, there are also a number of opposing perspectives. One perspective, as proposed by Ming-Yuan, Meng-Feng, et all (2007), argues that instead of financial ratios, behavioral determinants of firms’ oversees financing policies function as the primary analytic criteria. This study examined behavioral factors of, â€Å"(1) persistence behavior effects, (2) mental account effects, (3) the year of the company, (4) attraction effect, (5) character qualifications of managers and (6) overseas investment effects† (Ming-Yuan, Meng-Feng, et all 2007, pg. 183) in attempting to determine financial strength. The study revealed that there were statistically significant correlations between behavioral aspects and firms’ oversees financing decisions. Even more notable, financial ratios were not influential in these decisions. Another prominent consideration was that advanced by Pantos (2008). Pantos (2008) argues that previous arguments, specifically those of Emm and Gay (2005), that high concentration ratios can demonstrate significant risk implications in over-the-counter derivatives markets are

History of Art and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Art and Design - Essay Example This write up gives an account of the plan of the house and activities that were carried out there. The Romans valued space in relation to setting up buildings that they would use for various purposes such as rituals. This would be compared to the design of the temple together with the forum within the Roman Empire. The Romans participated in various rituals that required people to come together in spacious structures. This meant that every structure considered space aspects when being constructed because ritual activities were to be performed in such a setting (Clarke, 1991, 65). The houses were built based on a public perspective. This meant that enough space was provided within the house for visitors and even those uninvited. These houses formed the focal point of activities that would be political, social and even business related. The houses were also decorated, and this revealed the minds and perceptions of the ancient Romans. This is the place that served as the meeting point for people in which they would discuss different issues that would be political, economic or even social. In the context of the roman houses, the domus is valued because of its importance in the ancient period. Those who made plans for its construction were required to ensure that its spaces had proper proportions. The domus had party walls on its flanks and was structured in a way that ensured that a back area was enclosed in it (Tang, 2005, 20). In addition to this, its main opening to the outside was located on the street front and formed an entryway. The houses above also had fauces that marked the axis from the point of entry which was long and narrow. The central part of the roof was also designed to allow rainwater to flow from the top to the basin below the impluvium. The compluvium was within the central space and served as a source of light to the atrium and those that would be found within it. The domus being the most common structures within this setting served to hold s alutationes activities. The domus held that paterfamilias, patrons of paterfamilias and the extended family. This was in regard to social and economic reasons that were far beyond the immediate family. This formed the clientela which was composed of relatives who did not have paterfamilias status and included slaves, freemen and other people who made daily salutationes guarantee their economic and political safety. Part two Byzantine churches Byzantine architects based their drawing on Roman temple features that were widely known within Italy. For instance, they combined ideas that were used to construct the basilica and other central-plan religious structures. This resulted on a structure with a square, central mass that had four arms of equal size. The most striking feature in these structures was the domed roof above the square area. The dome shape was suspended above the square by arches on each of the corners of the square, and this resulted into an octagon shape which would be referred to as a pendentive. These structures were characterized by towering spaces and luxurious decorations. In addition, this, marble columns, mosaic, inlay and inlaid stone pavements were also incorporated within this setting. These structures are believed to have extended in Christian East and other places such as Russia (Gagarin & Elaine, 2010, 443). The interior of the structures incorporated mosaic aspects, paintings and other arts. For instance, the painting was based on devotional panels. This was because the cult of icons was

The Benefits of Understanding Financial Ratios Essay

The Benefits of Understanding Financial Ratios - Essay Example Within the questions that were considered were the specific ratios CFAs use to measure liquidity, long-term debt paying ability, and probability; and what are the relative importance of specific financial ratios. While there were sixty-ratios considered, a number of prominent points emerged. In these regards, it’s noted that a single ratio oftentimes functions to measure more than one aspect of financial health. One example is that a ratio of days’ sales measures both liquidity and profitability. In terms of the most important financial ratio, analysts placed the most emphasis on return on equity after tax. b) Specification of thesis – main point The main point thesis of the article is that financial analysis places great emphasis on the corporate annual report and the financial ratios that examine it. A further thesis is that financial ratios have a varying degree of importance in terms of a variety of financial categories, specifically liquidity, long-term debt paying ability, and profitability. c) Supporting opinions/reasons There is a great body of research that supports the notion that financial ratios are an integral part of determining a firm’s financial performance. ... al to measuring a business’ financial performance and future viability; in addition they add the DuPont Ratio as a significant financial ratio for analysis. Financial ratios have also been extended to examine the financial strength of a firm when enlisting an underwriter before an IPO; this perspective was noted by Quantitative Applications in Economics & Finance (2008). Another prominent perspective was advanced by Kaufman (1995). Kaufman (1995) considered that bank failures are oftentimes linked and anticipated by the key financial ratio of low capital-to-assets. d) Opposing opinions/reasons While there are a number of strong elements supporting these understandings of financial rations, there are also a number of opposing perspectives. One perspective, as proposed by Ming-Yuan, Meng-Feng, et all (2007), argues that instead of financial ratios, behavioral determinants of firms’ oversees financing policies function as the primary analytic criteria. This study examined behavioral factors of, â€Å"(1) persistence behavior effects, (2) mental account effects, (3) the year of the company, (4) attraction effect, (5) character qualifications of managers and (6) overseas investment effects† (Ming-Yuan, Meng-Feng, et all 2007, pg. 183) in attempting to determine financial strength. The study revealed that there were statistically significant correlations between behavioral aspects and firms’ oversees financing decisions. Even more notable, financial ratios were not influential in these decisions. Another prominent consideration was that advanced by Pantos (2008). Pantos (2008) argues that previous arguments, specifically those of Emm and Gay (2005), that high concentration ratios can demonstrate significant risk implications in over-the-counter derivatives markets are

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment 3 - Essay Example The point of view being taken from the individual is purely through a profit or money-making mindset. Concerns such as data security and data storage are literally thrown out the window, as social media is purely seen as a selling point for companies and individuals alike. Using social media for the affable and leisurely means of communication across transnational borders for family and friends is not in the mindset of the individual in the aforementioned conversation. The notion of making money while you sleep has been discussed widely in internet marketing and social media marketing circles throughout the past decade; so much so that individuals coming into the profession of social media marketing are led to believe that they too can make money while they literally are asleep. Yet there are a number of facets, both moral and ethical, that must be considered when using individual data from social networks for the purpose of advertising through social media networks. How would custom ers react if, whilst completing their online banking, they were to see an advertisement pop-up offering a meal discount at the latest restaurant they went to? Undoubtedly customers could become a bit finicky when they begin to realise their spending habits are not only being tracked, but are actively used to further promote additional products and services. People hate to be sold, yet a pop-up on a customer’s screen may just be the trigger to earn even more money from them. According to data obtained from the World Bank on worldwide internet users (â€Å"Internet users as percentage of population,† 2012) 32.77% of the world’s population is now using the internet. All people of the aforementioned percentage would be interacting with some form of social media, whether it is Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Google, Yahoo, and so on. The potential of advertising through such mediums in an effective and visually aesthetic way is unfathomable. College dropouts are turning into overnight internet multimillionaires as they are beginning to understand the power of social media marketing. The golden years of elderly experienced working hard for one’s money by working 10, 12, 14 or even 16 hours per day has been replaced with young moguls, who with a keyboard, a mouse and internet access have the capabilities to begin running their own online business from the comfort of their own home with no prior qualifications or experience required. Evans (2010) states individuals are able to develop the use of social media marketing more than just by selling and promoting: it is through the use of effective â€Å"dream-like† visualisation from the business owner to the prospective buyer which will entice them to purchase a particular product. Today, entrepreneurs have taken quickly towards information selling and using social media as a form of exponentially increasing their brand awareness. Where previously, word of mouth was predominantly seen as a b usiness’ driver in future sales, today it is simply the click of a â€Å"Like† button on Facebook, or a photo or instant â€Å"tweet† to friends on Twitter which will determine the success and viability of a company. Business owners will also need to embrace social media marketing and use it to its fullest potential. A number of traditional offline businesses such as postal services are starting to move towards gearing a greater portion of their business activities towards the online arena.

Does Shakespeare successfully present Henry V Essay Example for Free

Does Shakespeare successfully present Henry V Essay My interpretation of a hero is somebody who is sincere and caring. They must be polite and well mannered. Someone who is strong and has a strong will in a tough situation. A person who is heroic, fearless, brave and courageous all rolled into one. A person who isnt afraid to say what they believe in. They must be confident and determined to follow something through to the very end and to fight for what is theirs. A person who is a good speaker and can put their point across to an audience. They must be prepared to make sacrifices as part of their job. Although all of the above things are important attributes of a hero I think there are two more important attributes. The first is to be loyal. To be loyal to your friends, family and country. Without loyalty there can never be trust. The second is the ability to change. To realise there is something wrong with you or your attitude and to do something about it. Ely and Canterbury talk about one of these attributes in Act one Scene one of the play. The ability to change. Shakespeare writes about one of the main attributes of a hero in the very first scene. When Canterbury looks back on the prospect of Henry being a King he says that, The courses of his youth promised it not. Canterbury believes this because as a youth, His companies unlettered, rude and shallow, His hours filled up with riots, banquets, sports, And never noted him any study. As Henry grows older though, never was such a sudden scholar made. Henry changes because he knew he had to. That takes determination and courage. No matter what anyone said he followed it through and did what he had to do. In the very first scene of the play Henry is already being talked about before we have even met him. Shakespeare has done this because he is giving Henry a real heros entrance, just like in any good film, he is telling the audience who he is and what he does. Canterbury and Ely are setting the scene and trying to make his entrance seem dramatic. Shakespeare does this to tell the audience that Henry is a well-known and well-talked about person. In other words Shakespeare is showing the audience that Henry is powerful. In Act one Scene two Henry is introduced to us for the first time. A first impression of him would be that he is very diplomatic and polite. Sure, we thank you. My learned lord, we pray you to proceed. Later on in the scene though, when the French challenge him he does not turn it down. Henry is pondering whether to stake a claim to the French throne. When he is sent a mocking gift of, Tennis balls, my liege. He acts on his instincts and declares war on France. This is very brave because it leaves him open to criticism and it could turn out to be the wrong decision. In Act two Scene two Henry finds out that three of his lords, and friends, are traitors. He is upset by this, What shall I say to thee, Lord Scroop, thou cruel, Ingrateful, savage and inhuman creature? Although they are his friends he knows that he must, Arrest them to answer to the law. They are his friends but like any hero he must make sacrifices. Being a hero isnt just about fighting or being brave its also about thinking about and helping others. In Act three Scene one Shakespeare shows Henry giving a moving speech to his soldiers outside the walls of Harfleur. Once more unto the breach, dear friends On, on you noble English Be copy now to men of grosser blood, And teach them how to war Cry God for Harry, England and Saint George! Henry just doesnt go into battle and expect everybody to win. He knows how they must be feeling and he tries to encourage them. Henry also demonstrates that he is willing to do everything that his job entails. Shakespeare shows the audience another heroic quality by, instead of sending one of Henrys soldiers to do something for him, he writes it so that Henry does it himself. This is shown in Act three Scene four when he says, How yet resolves the governor of the town? This is the latest parle we will admit, Therefore to our best mercy give yourselves. Henrys strong words push the Governor of Harfleur to give in. As soon as Henry and his army are let into Harfleur he is showing good initiative by already thinking about the next stage, Upon the soldiers, we will retire to Calais. Shakespeare shows the audience again of Henrys heroism by showing us he can be polite and that he has good manners. How now, Llewellyn? Camest thou from the bridge? Although Henry is like a friend to his soldiers, just like a hero Shakespeare shows us that Henry must face up to his responsibilities. Bardolph has been caught stealing and he says, We would have all such offenders so cut off in our marches through the country there be nothing compelled from the villages. Even though things arent going as well as they should be Henry doesnt give up. In response to Montjoys offer for him to name his ransom he says, My army but a weak and sickly guard. Yet, God before, tell him we will come on Through France himself and such another neighbour stand in our way. Yet again in this extract of a speech Henry shows his strong beliefs in God. All of the above quotations came from Act three scene seven. Shakespeare makes the play very dramatic by using a chorus at the beginning of every act. These are very effective because it gives the audience a taster of what is going to happen but not enough to explain the act fully. This means that the audience want to know what is going to happen and when something does happen it makes it all the more dramatic. In Act four Scene one Shakespeare presents us the audience, with Henrys many heroic qualities. Not showing any signs of worry or weariness he tries his best to raise the morale of his soldiers. There is some soul of goodness in things evil For our bad neighbour makes us early stirrers, Which is both healthful and good husbandry. Henry also shows us like any hero or any person that he has feelings. He borrows a cloak and walks around the camp asking people what they think of him. King: Then you are a better man than the king. Pistol: the kings a bawock and a heart of gold, a lad of life, an imp of fame, of parents good, of fist most valiant. Later on in an argument (while in disguise) with Bates Henry stresses, I think the king is but a man as I am. The violet smells to him as it doth to me. Shakespeare shows the audience that Henry has a different side to his personality, he is caring and understanding. Rather proclaim it, Westmorland, though my host That he which hath no stomach to this fight Let him depart. He then shows us that he isnt just all talk and that he is brave by saying, We few, we happy few, we band of brothers-For he today that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother. Henry again refers back to his belief in God by saying, Take it, brave York. Now soldiers, march away, And how Thou pleasest, God, dispose the day. He shows us this in Act four Scene three. You know when someone is a real hero because another person compares him or her to an already famous hero. Shakespeare does this in Act four Scene seven when Llewellyn compares Henry to Alexander, If you mark Alexanders life well, Harry of Monmouths life is come after it in incident well. Later on Henry shows again that he does have feelings. All of the boys guarding the luggage have been killed, I was not angry since I came to France Until this instant. When Henry knows that they have won the battle he is not boastful; this is another great attribute of a hero shown very clearly to the audience by Shakespeare. Instead he says, Praised be God, and not our strength, for it. He then shows that he is not afraid to show everybody his roots. I wear it for a memorable honour, For I am Welsh, you know, good countryman. Even though he is enjoying the moment of winning he has to get on with his job, Bring me just notice of the numbers dead On both our parts. Once again Henry refers to God, To boast of this, or to take that praise from God, Which is His only but with this acknowledgement, That God fought for us. During the battle Shakespeare uses another dramatic device by using very short scenes whilst everyone is fighting. This means that everything is constantly changing and the audience doesnt know what is going to happen next. It also builds up tension because Shakespeare is moving from one camp to the next. One minute you are in the French camp then the next you are in the English camp. After winning the battle Henry has to get back to his duties as king. Shakespeare shows the audience this side of Henry to show us that he is not just wrapped up in the glory of winning, he instead shows us that he is a true hero and still will face up to his responsibilities. Peace to this meeting, wherefor we are met. He then shows that a hero is just like any other man by trying to court the French kings daughter, Katherine. Fair Katherine if you will love me soundly with your French heart I will be glad to hear you confess it brokenly with your English tongue An angel is like you And therefore tell me, most fair Katherine, will you have me? After agreeing the peace treaty Henry says, prepare we for our marriage The above quotations were taken from Act Five Scene Two. Overall I think Shakespeare has been very successful in presenting Henry as a hero. He is everything a hero could be. He has shown the audience that a hero could be sitting amongst them, that a hero is just an ordinary man or woman. The audience can relate to this because one day they themselves know that they could be a hero. I also think that the play was more effective in Elizabethan times than it is now. This is because when Shakespeare wrote this particular play Queen Elizabeth was coming to the end of a very successful rein and she had no one to succeed her. The Elizabethan community were very worried that there wouldnt be anybody as good to take over, especially not a man. Shakespeare then wrote this play showing a truly heroic, male King. This raised the hopes of the Elizabethan people and made the play much more effective and much more popular.

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa The developing economies of Africa must on their part make deliberate and sustained efforts to attract the much needed inflows of foreign investments. To achieve this, the enabling economic, financial and political environment for such inflows must be created. An economy that is exposed to higher levels of political instability, economic uncertainties and financial risk will not be able to gain the confidence of investors. These risk factors if not well mitigated with a great degree of transparency and accountability could serve as barriers to both local and foreign investments. According to Banz and Clough (2002), the major reasons among many others for not investing in developing economies are the lack of transparency and poor governance policies. Therefore, Nigeria and other developing economies of Africa must work towards an environment that has a relatively reasonable economic risk, ensure political stability and demonstrate moderate financial risk to attract foreign capital inf lows especially in the form of equity investment. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) markets to which Nigeria belong have of recent experienced some legal, regulatory and supervisory changes resulting into increased transparency in the operation of their markets. The liquidity of the markets have increased and operations also liberalized to attract more foreign investors. The Nigerian economy is the largest of the 15 member body and has a lot of political and economic influence over the other members. Conscious efforts have been made by the various member countries to partially open up their economies, through systematic privatization programs, overhauling of their legal and financial institutional infrastructures and use of modern trading platforms have resulted in real development of their markets and manage to attract some foreign direct investments (FDI) to them. Nigeria is currently the biggest economy in Africa after the recent rebasement of its GDP, thereby beating South Africa to the second place ((Magnowski, 2014). The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 80% of fiscal revenues and 90% of export earnings (World Fact book).The country is also one of the major exporters of petroleum, and plays a significant role in OPEC (OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2013). To diversify its economy Nigeria is encouraging the growth of their private sector by offering some incentives to private sector equity investors who are willing to invest in the country. The country has an increasing GDP of $422.6bullion, $450.4billion and $502 billion for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively, and diminishing foreign debt stock of $15.73 billion and $13.4 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively. There is also an increasing Foreign Direct Investment of $7.444 billionand $9.212 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively (World Fact book: World Bank). The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) is the second largest exchange in Africa; it was established in 1960 to provide listing and trading services among others. Its activities are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the country. The value of publicly traded shares stood at $50.88 billion, $39.27 billion and $56.39 billion for 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. Despite all the above mentioned strong economic fundamentals or good indicators, Nigeria has been plagued by several daunting challenges, notable among them are the issues epileptic power supply, inadequate infrastructures, insecurity, endemic corruption, increasing rate of unemployment and its heavy reliance on petroleum products (Global edge, 2014; World fact book). These factors pose some uncertainties about the Nigerian economic and stock market outlook. Nevertheless, the Nigerian economy is still growing. Fortunately, the government is also conscious of some of these teething problems. Programs are initiated to diversify the economy in the areas of agriculture, power, telecommunication, transport and other services. These efforts seem to be yielding the desired results as evidenced in the country’s 6-8% per annum pre-rebasing growth rate. With these measures a seemingly conducive economic environment is created which could be exploited by investors. This therefore, presents reasonable economic risk. There is also institutionalized democracy leading to political stability in its own form in terms of the country’s ability to carry out declared programs. Nigeria is also able to finance its commercial and trade debt obligations and has at no time defaulted in payment of its external financial commitments; thus demonstrating relatively moderate financial risks. These indices send strong signals in terms of information content about Nigeria’s overall economic health to domestic, international investors and rating agencies among others. Therefore, it will be of interest to empirically explore how these factors (economic, financial and political risks) when taken together or separately can affect the country’s stock market performance and vice versa. Country risk ratings assess the probability of a country’s default on its debt from a variety of perspectives: from socio-economic condition to growth in the real gross domestic product (GDP), government stability to corruption, to exchange rate stability among others. The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate the short and long-run relationships between Nigeria’s country risk ratings; political, economic, and financial components and its stock market in order to provide further information for current and potential investors to enable them make better informed investment decisions. In our knowledge this is the first few studies of this nature conducted on an emerging economy like Nigeria. Our main instrument of investigation is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach formulated by Pesaran and Pesaran (2009) and Pesaran et al. (2001), to empirically investigate the relationships. The ARDL method is adopted because of its econometrics techniques. One important advantage of the ARDL model over other traditional approaches is that it can be used in time-series data irrespective of their order of integration, whether I(0), I(1) and/or fractionally integrated (Pesaran and Pesaran, 2009). The ARDL approach can also test for cointegration by the bounds testing procedure and can estimate the short-run dynamics and long-run relationships. The rest of the paper is organized as follows; section two discusses related literature. Section three explains the methodology adopted in this paper. Section four presents the ARDL procedure and discusses its empirical findings. Conclusion and implications are given in section five. The globalization of trade and financial markets in the past years has created huge investment opportunities and its attendant risks. It has therefore, becomes inevitable to know the credit worthiness of participating players. The motive behind such an assessment of the economic and financial condition and sometimes political stability of a country is to be able to evaluate the country credit risks involved in doing business or investing in such a country. Any event in a country that will affect not only the prospect of profitability but also restrict the movement of capital in the form of profits, dividend etc is worth evaluating. The need for such critical evaluation of credit worthiness of countries has resulted in the establishment of several rating agencies such as Fitch, Moody’s and Standard Poor among many others. These risk ratings are considered as indicative of possible future default. A higher rating is seen as a lower risk of default, while a lower score indicates a higher risk of default. Though the primary significance of ratings is due to their impact on interest rates at which countries source for funds in the international financial markets, studies have also shown its influence on stock market movements. This argument is linked to the influence of country credit risk ratings on the inflows of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), into the host’s economy, especially through equity shares investments. There is no scarcity of research papers on sovereign ratings and their critical roles for encouraging and facilitating investment flows especially in developed economies, but there is paucity of studies conducted on the impact of these ratings on movements of national stock markets, particularly for emerging markets such as Nigeria. Some of the early studies by Erb et al (1995, 1996a, 1996b) show that there is association or relationship between country credit risk (i.e. the risk of a country’s inability to service its external debts) and returns on equity investments. The existence of relationship between country credit ratings and stock market returns was confirmed in the early work of Erb et al. (1996a) using data that cut across boundaries. As a follow up to their earlier work, Erb et al. (1996b) investigated the influence of economic, financial and political risks on expected fixed income returns. They show that there is relation between the country risk measures and world bond market expected returns. For the ICRG economic variable, they find positive and significant signs in unhedged, local, and foreign exchange portfolio returns. They also show that the country risk attributes are significant to the real yields of fixed income securities. Kaminsky and Schmukler (2001) also examine the influence of sovereign ratings and outlook changes on the sensitivity of emerging financial markets. They find that these variables have substantial influence on both bond and stock markets. A domestic downgrade is associated with an average increase change rate of two percentage points in bond yield spreads and a decrease of one percentage point in stock returns. SubaÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± (2008) expressed a contrary view, stating that in most cases news of a downgrade is often anticipate earlier before its announcement; therefore the potential negative effect of such information on stocks and exchange rate returns is diluted. The impacts of rating changes on both bond yield and sovereign debt have been tested severally by many authors. Reisen and Maltzan (1999) using the three main rating agencies, find that there is mutual interdependencies among rating changes and changes in bond yield spread. The study by Cantor and Packer (1996) also reported similar findings. Among several authors that have provided valuable insight into the influence of rating changes on sovereign debt and corporate securities are Hand et al. (1992) and Richards and Deddouche (1999). The degrees of sensitivity in all these studies tend to vary probably because of the methods used for the country risk analysis. Hammoudey et al. (2011) using emerging economies; Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (commonly referred to as the BRICS countries) establish various degrees of sensitivities of these countries’ stock markets to their respective country risk ratings. China is most sensitive to all the risk variables, followed by Russia, while all the BRICS countries show moderate economic risk sensitivity. The spillover effect of sovereign debt rating changes on national stock markets and international debts is also confirmed by various authors, among them are Ferreira and Gama 2007; Li et al 2008. This situation is common among countries that share common economic features and unrestricted Evidence of flow of information. Common border also suspected to play a significant role. Regional stock market movements are also influenced by country credit risk rating news. This development is consistent with the study by Christopher et al. (2008), stating that there is a positive relationship between the two factors. While Brooks et al. (2004) in their study, though under a different setting did not find any sensitive association among the two variables. Turkey’s stock market index also seems to have association with its economic, financial and political risk ratings. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Sari et al. (2013) established a steady long-run relationship among the stock market and some of the risk variables. There are many leading commercial publishers of country and political risk analysis, but data for this study is sourced from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) economic, financial and political risk ratings for Nigeria covering the period 2001 to 2013. The ICRG rating system is made up of 22 variables representing three major components of country risk, namely economic, financial and political. These variables essentially represent risk-free measures. There are 5 variables representing each of the economic and financial components of risk, while the political component is based on 12 variables (Hoti, 2003). The specified allowable range for each factor reflects the weight attributed to each factor. A higher score indicates a lower risk and vice versa. The stock market returns variable is obtained by taking the first logarithm difference of the monthly stock of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) for the period earlier specified.s